Chagas Disease: How ‘Kissing Bugs’ Spread Infection and When to Seek Care

Chagas disease is caused by a parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi. It can be spread by the triatomine bug, also known as the “kissing bug” because it bites people on the face, particularly near the lips.

Currently spreading in California, Pennsylvania, and 30 other states, Chagas disease is most likely to infect campers, hunters, people around wildlife, and those with limited access to extermination. It’s also becoming more common in urban areas. More than 7 million people worldwide—mainly outside the United States—are infected, according to the World Health Organization.

“Prevalence is growing globally, but local transmission of Chagas in the United States is still relatively rare, especially in the northern states,” says Columbia infectious diseases specialist Joan Bosco, MD.

Dr. Bosco explains how Chagas spreads, what symptoms it causes, and the importance of early treatment.

How do you get Chagas disease?

Usually, a “kissing bug” infection starts with a bite from the triatomine bug. In rare cases, the parasite can also spread through contaminated food or drink, laboratory exposure, blood transfusion, organ transplant, or from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

What are the symptoms of a Chagas infection?

People with Chagas may have no symptoms, or they may experience fever, fatigue, rash, and possibly swelling around the bite or eyes. These can last for weeks or possibly months.

Without treatment, the Chagas bug’s venom can stay in the body for years and may develop into chronic symptoms, leading to heart failure and problems in the digestive system. The disease can also be reactivated in people who become immunocompromised, like patients who have an organ transplant.

How do you treat Chagas disease?

Antiparasitics—drugs that treat parasitic infections—can control and cure Chagas. They work best when given soon after exposure.

If the infection becomes chronic, treatment can focus on the resulting disorder, such as heart failure medications.

If you are exposed, contact your health care provider.

Can you prevent Chagas?

The key to prevention is reducing exposure to kissing bugs and other pests. Use good hygiene when preparing, storing, and eating food, and deter pests with regular cleaning and safe insecticide use.