What to Know About Sinus Infections
As the weather cools and people spend more time indoors, sinus infections can become more common. Columbia ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists David Gudis, MD, and Jonathan Overdevest, MD, PhD explain how to recognize the signs and when to seek treatment.
What are the sinuses?
The sinuses are four pairs of hollow spaces inside the bones of the face. They're located in the cheeks, forehead, between the eyes, and behind the eyes. Each sinus is lined with mucus, which helps humidify and filter the air we breathe.
What are the symptoms of a sinus infection?
A sinus infection, also known as sinusitis, happens when viruses, bacteria, or allergens irritate the mucus lining in one or more sinuses. This causes inflammation that blocks the sinus from draining, trapping mucus and bacteria inside. Symptoms include:
- Runny nose with thick green or yellow mucus
- Stuffy nose
- Pain or pressure around the face, forehead, or eyes
- Cough in children
Sinus infections last for at least 10 days. Some people with asthma, allergies, or nasal polyps can develop chronic sinusitis, which can cause symptoms that last for three months or longer.
How can you tell the difference between having a sinus infection or a cold?
Both can cause nasal congestion, but colds don't typically cause facial pain or mucus changes.
The progression of symptoms also differs. "If you start to feel better after three or four days, it's probably a cold or a similar viral infection," says Dr. Gudis. Sinus infection symptoms last longer and can improve before getting worse, known as "double worsening."
When should you see a doctor about a sinus infection?
Most sinus infections can be managed with over-the-counter nasal sprays and decongestants or prescription antibiotics.
"In rare cases, sinusitis can escalate quickly—particularly among children, the elderly, pregnant, and immunocompromised patients," says Dr. Overdevest. "Seek emergency care if you develop a high fever, facial swelling, or confusion."
Most people get one or two sinus infections a year. If you get more than four, an ENT can offer more advanced medications, allergy shots, or surgery to address the root cause.