Spinal Osteoarthritis

Spinal osteoarthritis (also called degenerative arthritis of the spine) is a condition where the tissue that cushions the joints in the spine wears down over time.

Without this protective layer, bones can rub against each other, leading to symptoms like pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. It is one of the most common causes of chronic back and neck pain, especially in older adults. Early treatment can help relieve symptoms, slow progression, and improve quality of life.

What Causes Spinal Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis develops when the protective cartilage in spinal joints breaks down. As cartilage wears away, bone spurs may form and joints become inflamed.

Common causes and risk factors include:

• Natural aging and “wear and tear” on the spine
• Repetitive stress from heavy lifting or high-impact activity
• Previous spine injuries
• Obesity, which puts added pressure on spinal joints
• Family history of arthritis
• Poor posture or spinal misalignment

It most often affects people over the age of 50, but it can develop earlier in those with risk factors.

What Are the Symptoms?

Spinal osteoarthritis symptoms can vary but often include:

• Persistent back or neck pain that worsens with activity
• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods
• Limited range of motion in the spine
• Tenderness around affected joints
• Clicking or grinding sensation when moving
• Numbness or weakness if bone spurs press on spinal nerves

When Should I See a Specialist About Spinal Osteoarthritis?

You should see a spine or orthopedic specialist if you experience:

• Back or neck pain that lasts for more than a few weeks
• Pain that worsens at night, affects sleep or significantly affects activities of daily living
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
• History of spinal injury with worsening symptoms

Early evaluation can help you manage symptoms effectively and prevent complications.

How Is Spinal Osteoarthritis Diagnosed?

To diagnose spinal osteoarthritis, a spine specialist will:

• Review your medical history and symptoms
• Perform a physical exam to test mobility, strength, and tenderness
• Order imaging tests such as X-rays to detect bone spurs, or an MRI or CT scan to check for nerve involvement

How Is Spinal Osteoarthritis Treated?

Treatment focuses on relieving pain, improving mobility, and slowing joint degeneration.

Nonsurgical Treatments

• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and swelling
• Physical therapy to strengthen supporting muscles and improve flexibility
• Heat or ice therapy for symptom relief
• Weight management to reduce strain on the spine
• Activity modification and posture correction
• Corticosteroid injections for more severe inflammation
• Braces and other supportive devices

Most patients improve with consistent nonsurgical treatment.

Surgical Treatments

Surgery for spinal osteoarthritis aims to relieve nerve pressure, reduce pain, and restore stability when non-surgical treatments are no longer effective

Surgery may be considered if:

• Pain or stiffness persists despite months of conservative care
• Nerve compression leads to weakness, numbness, or loss of function
• Bone spurs or joint damage severely limit mobility

Surgical options may include:

• Laminectomy: Removing bone spurs or part of a vertebra to relieve pressure
• Spinal fusion: Stabilizing affected arthritic joints by fusing vertebrae together
• Disc replacement: In select cases, replacing a damaged disc with an artificial one

What Are the Risks of Surgery for Spinal Osteoarthritis?

While generally safe, risks may include:

• Infection
• Nerve injury (rare)
• Spinal instability or adjacent joint stress after fusion
• Persistent pain or stiffness
• Blood clots or delayed healing

Choosing an experienced spine surgeon and following post-surgical care instructions helps reduce these risks.

What Does Recovery Involve?

Recovery typically includes:

• Short-term rest followed by a gradual increase in activity
• Physical therapy to restore movement and strengthen the spine
• Avoiding heavy lifting or twisting until cleared by your specialist
• Lifestyle changes, like posture training and regular exercise, to protect spinal health

How Long Does Recovery Take?

• Minor procedures (laminectomy): 4 to 6 weeks for daily activities
• Spinal fusion: 3 to 6 months for healing and up to a year for full recovery
• Disc replacement: 2 to 3 months to get back to most normal activity

What Is the Outlook for Spinal Osteoarthritis?

Although there is no cure, most people manage spinal osteoarthritis successfully with treatment. Medications, therapy, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce pain and improve mobility. When surgery is needed, outcomes are generally positive, especially when combined with a long-term rehabilitation program.