Shoulder Pain

Shoulder pain refers to any discomfort in or around the shoulder joint, including the muscles, tendons, and ligaments that support movement. This common complaint can affect your ability to work, exercise, or even sleep comfortably. It may be sharp or dull, constant or occasional. Pain may worsen with activity or certain positions, especially when lifting your arm.

Fortunately, most causes of shoulder pain can be treated successfully with the right diagnosis and care.

What Causes Shoulder Pain?

There are many possible causes of shoulder pain, including:

• Shoulder impingement or bursitis
• Rotator cuff injuries, such as tendonitis or tears
• Calcium deposit in rotator cuff (“Calcific tendinitis”)
• Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
• Shoulder dislocation or instability
• Arthritis, including osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
• Fractures or traumatic injuries
• Poor posture or repetitive strain
• Pinched nerves in the neck (referred pain)

Some causes develop over time from overuse, while others happen suddenly due to injury.

What Are the Symptoms of Shoulder Pain?

Shoulder pain symptoms can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include:

• Aching, sharp, or burning pain
• Pain when lifting, reaching, or rotating your arm
• Limited range of motion or stiffness
• Muscle weakness
• Swelling, tenderness, or bruising
• Clicking or popping sounds during movement
• Pain that worsens at night or interrupts sleep

When Should I See a Shoulder Specialist?

You should consult a doctor or orthopedic specialist if:

• Pain lasts more than a few days or worsens over time
• You can't lift your arm or perform everyday tasks
• There's swelling, bruising, or a visible deformity
• You hear a pop or feel your shoulder "give out" during an injury
• You've had recurring shoulder problems

How Is Shoulder Pain Diagnosed?

To diagnose the cause of shoulder pain, your orthopedic specialist will:

• Review your symptoms and medical history
• Perform a physical exam to test strength, motion, and stability
• Order diagnostic exams based on symptoms
  • X-rays to look for problems like arthritis, fractures, or calcific tendinitis
  • MRI or ultrasound to check soft tissue injuries like rotator cuff tears

A clear diagnosis is the first step toward effective shoulder pain treatment.

How Is Shoulder Pain Treated?

Treatment for shoulder pain depends on the cause, severity, and your activity level. Most cases can be treated nonoperatively.

Nonsurgical Treatments

Common nonoperative treatments for shoulder pain include:

• Rest and avoid movements that cause discomfort
• Activity modifications and ergonomic changes
• Ice and heat therapy to reduce swelling or loosen stiff joints
• Over-the-counter pain medications, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Physical therapy to restore strength, flexibility, and posture
• If noninvasive treatment (above) does not eliminate symptoms, your doctor may recommend:
  • Steroid injections

These methods help most people recover without the need for surgery.

Surgical Treatments

Shoulder surgery may be recommended if:

• You have a torn rotator cuff or labrum
• You experience repeated dislocations
• Nonsurgical treatment has not worked after several months
• You have severe arthritis or structural damage

Surgical options include:

• Arthroscopic repair of tendons or ligaments
• Shoulder stabilization procedures
• Shoulder replacement surgery for advanced arthritis

Minimally invasive techniques are often used to shorten recovery time.

What Are the Risks of Shoulder Surgery?

Shoulder surgery is generally quite safe, but risks may include:

• Infection
• Bleeding
• Stiffness or loss of range of motion
• Nerve or blood vessel injury (rare)
• Need for repeat surgery if pain returns

Choosing an experienced orthopedic surgeon and sticking to your rehab plan helps reduce these risks.

What Does Recovery from Shoulder Pain Treatment Involve?

Recovery depends on the cause of your shoulder pain and whether you had surgery. Most people follow a care plan that includes:

• Physical therapy to rebuild strength and flexibility
• Pain management with medications or ice/heat
• Gradual return to activity as healing progresses
• Lifestyle changes, such as better posture or modified exercise routines

Your orthopedic team will tailor your recovery plan to your specific needs.

How Long Does Recovery from Shoulder Pain Take?

Recovery time varies depending on the treatment and severity of the pain:

• Minor strains or tendonitis: A few weeks
• Post-surgical recovery: 3 to 6 months
• Frozen shoulder: Up to 12 months in some cases

The more committed you are to your treatment plan, the faster and more completely you'll heal.

What Is the Outlook for Shoulder Pain?

Most people with shoulder pain recover fully with the right care. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes and help prevent long-term problems like chronic pain or joint instability. Whether you need physical therapy, medication, or shoulder surgery, there are effective options available to help you regain strength and mobility.