Shin Splints

Shin splints is a general term for inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and tissue near the shinbone (tibia). Also called medial tibial stress syndrome, shin splints are common in runners, dancers, and people new to exercise.

What Causes Shin Splints?

Shin splints are typically caused by repetitive stress on the shinbone and surrounding muscles, tendons, and connective tissue. Additional factors include:

• Excessive exercise intensity/duration
• Flat feet or high arches
• Improper form
• Hard or uneven running surfaces
• Repeated jumping
• Sudden stops and starts
• Unsupportive footwear

People new to running or who have recently returned to exercise are at higher risk.

What Are the Symptoms of Shin Splints?

Symptoms of shin splints include:

• Discomfort
• Pain along the front or inside of the lower leg
• Swelling
• Tenderness

Pain typically affects both legs, but sometimes only one leg is involved.

When Should I See a Doctor for Shin Splints?

You should see an orthopedic specialist if your shin pain:

• Doesn't improve with rest
• Becomes worse
• Is accompanied by swelling/numbness

Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce recovery time and help prevent long-term issues.

How Are Shin Splints Diagnosed?

To determine the cause of your shin splints, your orthopedic specialist will:

• Perform a physical exam of the lower leg
• Review your medical history, symptoms, and how the injury happened

In some cases, your specialist may use X-rays or imaging to rule out stress fractures or other injuries.

How Are Shin Splints Treated?

Nonsurgical Treatments

Most cases of shin splints heal without surgery. Recovery includes:

• Rest and ice therapy: Reducing activity and applying ice can help with healing.
• Compression and elevation: This helps reduce swelling.
• Pain relievers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help reduce pain and inflammation.
• Proper footwear: Wearing supportive shoes or custom orthotics can help address alignment issues.
• Stretching and strengthening exercises: Improving flexibility and strength in calves, ankles, and foot muscles can prevent recurrence.
• Cross-training: Including low-impact activities like swimming or biking can reduce strain.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery for shin splints is rare and only considered in chronic cases that do not respond to months of nonsurgical treatment.

Fasciotomy uses incisions in the tissue surrounding the muscles (fascia) to relieve pressure and improve blood flow.

What Are the Risks?

Like any surgical procedure, surgery for shin splints carries some risks, including:

• Bleeding
• Blood clots
• Infection
• Nerve damage
• Pain
• Weakness

What Does Recovery Involve?

Recovery focuses on rest and a gradual return to activity. A physical therapist may help correct gait problems, strengthen the lower legs, and improve flexibility. The goal is to ease back into exercise safely without triggering the pain again.

How Long Does Recovery Take?

Most people recover from shin splints within 2-6 weeks, depending on the severity and how early treatment begins. Delaying care or returning to activity too soon can prolong healing or worsen symptoms.

What Is the Outlook for Shin Splints?

With proper treatment and training habits, nearly all cases of shin splints heal completely. Preventive steps like wearing supportive shoes, warming up properly, and gradually increasing activity can help reduce the risk of recurrence.