Conditions We Treat

We care for people with cancers and precancerous conditions of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vulva, vagina, fallopian tubes, or nearby tissue.

Some gynecologic cancers are common, while others are rare or complex. Our gynecologic oncology team works with you to understand and confirm the diagnosis, review treatment options, and plan personalized treatment around your needs and goals.

What Are Gynecologic Cancers?

Gynecologic cancers are cancers that develop in the female reproductive system. They can begin in different organs and tissues, including the:

• Ovaries
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vulva
• Vagina
• Fallopian tubes
• Peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen and pelvis

Symptoms vary depending on the type of cancer and where it begins. Some gynecologic cancers are often detected early because they cause noticeable symptoms, such as abnormal vaginal bleeding or visible changes to the skin or tissue. Others may be more difficult to identify because symptoms can be subtle, develop gradually, or resemble common digestive, urinary, or gynecologic conditions.

Recognizing persistent or unusual symptoms and seeking timely medical evaluation can help lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Gynecologic Conditions We Treat

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer begins in or near the ovaries. Some ovarian cancers may start in the fallopian tubes or in the lining of the abdomen, called the peritoneum.

Symptoms can include bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, feeling full quickly when eating, or needing to urinate more often or urgently. Because these symptoms can resemble common digestive or bladder problems, it is important to see a healthcare provider if they are new, persistent, or occur frequently.

Endometrial / Uterine Cancer

Uterine cancer begins in the uterus. The most common type is endometrial cancer, which starts in the endometrium—the inner lining of the uterus.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is often the earliest and most common symptom. This may include bleeding after menopause, bleeding between periods, or menstrual periods that are heavier, longer, or more irregular than usual. Any unexpected vaginal bleeding should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that can be spread through sexual contact and for which there is a vaccine.

Early cervical cancer may not cause symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sex, bleeding between periods, bleeding after menopause, unusual vaginal discharge, or pelvic pain. HPV vaccination and regular cervical cancer screening can help prevent many cases of cervical cancer or detect abnormalities before cancer develops.

Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer begins in the vulva, the external female genital area. Symptoms may include a lump or growth, persistent itching, pain or tenderness, bleeding, a sore that does not heal, or changes in the color or texture of the skin.

Because these symptoms can resemble common skin conditions or irritation, they are sometimes overlooked. Any persistent vulvar symptoms or changes should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Vaginal Cancer

Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that begins in the vagina, the muscular canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body.

Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex or after menopause, unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, pain during sex, or a lump or mass in the vagina. Because these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, it is important to see a healthcare provider if they are new, persistent, or worsening.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare group of conditions that develop from cells that normally form the placenta during pregnancy. GTD can occur during or after a pregnancy.

Some forms of GTD are noncancerous, while others can behave like cancer and require treatment. With early diagnosis, specialized care, and careful follow-up, most people with GTD can be treated successfully.

Rare Gynecologic Cancers

Rare gynecologic cancers are uncommon cancers that develop in the female reproductive system. These include uterine sarcomas, ovarian germ cell tumors, ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors, fallopian tube cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, gynecologic melanoma, and other rare tumor types.

Because these cancers are uncommon, diagnosis and treatment can be more complex. Patients often benefit from care provided by a gynecologic oncology team with expertise in rare cancers, access to specialized treatments, and experience managing these unique conditions.

Precancerous Gynecologic Conditions

Precancerous gynecologic conditions are abnormal cell changes in the female reproductive system that are not cancer but may increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

These conditions may include cervical dysplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN), endometrial hyperplasia, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and other abnormal biopsy findings. With appropriate monitoring and treatment, many precancerous conditions can be managed successfully before cancer develops.

When Should I See a Gynecologic Cancer Specialist?

You should see a healthcare provider if you have gynecologic symptoms that are new, unusual, persistent, or worsening, including:

• Bleeding after menopause
• Bleeding after sex
• Bleeding between periods
• Periods that are heavier or last longer than usual
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Persistent bloating
• Feeling full quickly when eating
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• A lump, sore, persistent itching, or skin changes on the vulva or in the vaginal area
• Pain during sex
• Changes in urination or bowel habits
• Abnormal Pap test, HPV test, or biopsy results

Most of these symptoms do not mean that you have cancer. However, early evaluation can help identify the cause and, if needed, lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.